| 2 September: | The naval forces of Octavian Caesar defeat those of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII at the Battle of Actium in the Ionian Sea off the western coast of Greece, deciding the Final War of the Roman Republic. |
Cleopatra VII, Ptolemaeus XV Caesarion, Tiberius, Ovid, Augustus, Horatius, Virgil and Mark Antony celebrated their birthday this year.
The year 31 BC was a leap year starting on a Monday, just like 117 BC, 89 BC, 61 BC in the century before it and 5 BC, 1 BC, 20 and 48 in the next.
The coloured days highlight
births
,
deaths
,
political
,
scientific
,
artistic
and
other
historical milestones, and recurring events such as anniversaries and
holidays
.
The new
,
waxing
,
full
and
waning
icons indicate the phases of the moon and appear only for dates in the Gregorian calendar, i.e. after 14 October 1582. The Chinese calendar is available only from 1645 to 2644, the first millenium since the last reform. The coloured columns mark the Sundays, the last day of the week per standard ISO-8601.
The normal calendar page for the current /year?2013 contains an introduction to the intriguing history of the year as we know it. The Calendar Converter has more detail. The so called Perpetual Calendar uses a trick from before the age of computers to find the weekday for any Gregorian date. Also see an overview of all historical events in the last six thousand years.